Monetary Policy Note
- Possibly adding Macro Economics things here.
Monetary Economics#
- Using material EK3509: Advanced Monetary Economics, Rongrong Sun
0. Basic Definitions#
| Definition | Description |
|---|---|
| C | Cost/Consumption |
| L | Labor |
| M _(0,1,2) | Money |
| U | Utility (function) |
| Y | Yield |
| P | Price |
| Q | Quantity |
1. Stylized Facts of Monetary Economics#
- monetary policy affects macroeconomic aggregates.
- characters of “good” monetary policymaking
- Use The New Keynesian Models
- [ ] Q: P6: The true economic model of the world does not exist (I think its too complicated to describe, cannot deny the existence of the model).
- Staggered wages Wiki:"Taylor contract (economics)"
- Nominal rigidity
- 菜单成本: 菜单成本指调整价格时所花费的成本,它包括:研究和确定新价格的成本、重新编印价目表的成本、通知销售点更换价格标签的成本等。 有些机会成本也叫做菜单成本。 菜单成本的存在使得名义价格水平有了粘性。 在价格粘性的条件下,厂商对需求变动的反应是改变产量。
- Money illusion Wiki:"Money illusion"
- Fiat money Wiki:"Fiat money" 法定货币,法币,是政府发行的纸币。发行者亦没有将货币兑现为实物的义务,只依靠政府的法令使其成为合法通货的货币。法定货币的价值来自拥有者相信货币将来能维持其购买力,但货币本身并无内在价值(Intrinsic value)。
- Nominal rigidity
- [ ] Q: P20: (What is $M^s$ and $i$ ?)
- [x] Q21: (VAR approach)
- [x] Q23: (What is M, P and Y?)
- [ ] Q25: (What is real GDP? What is nominal GDP? Why real GDP is more important than nominal GDP? Why real GDP didn't change during 1967-2006?) (This graph 1980s is caused by FFR?)
- P27: Federal funds rate(FFR)
- [ ] Q29: (What is i, P and Y? 3MTB)
- [ ]
2-3 imperfect competition and price setting#
- [ ] Q19: (Think: why?) elasticity of demand Wiki: Price elasticity of demand related Wiki Veblen good Wiki Giffen good
- [ ] Q20: (What does $-\frac{1}{\gamma}L^\gamma$ mean?)
- [ ] Q21: (What is $W$, HH= household)
- [ ] Q22: (what is $L_i$ and $\gamma$?)
- [ ] Q23: (what is $P_i$ and $\eta$?)
- Definition of perfect competition
- Definition: Monopolistic Competition
- Definition: Monopoly
Youtube#
- 34:00: Interest cannot go below zero
- I was thinking if the "natural interest" rate is -2%, and interest rate in bank is -1%, its still worthy to pay.
- I can just not deposit the money and leave them at home (with risk of robbery loss)
- Then I realized the negative "natural interest" is unusual, because the nominal money will not disappear.
- Reserve requirement:RR
- 中国 存款准备金率 2021-07-09 => This is not a case of Simpson's paradox
- [ ] Why does the comment in 2021-07-09 say weighed average RR is 8.9%, while RR for every financial organization is >10%?
- When there's a possibly deflationary economic situation, the reserve requirement is higher? Why?
Taobao Tutor#
- Wechat ID:
Me-Si-wu-li-xl(no dash, when there's a capital letter, omit the lowercase letters in the same group) - Course is In Chinese.
宏观#
- 法定存款准备金率=准备金比例,由央行控制
- 提高准备金率->货币供应量减少->贷款供给减少->企业投资减少->商品流通减少
- 降准:提高经济活力,逻辑同上。
- LPR:Loan Prime Rate
贷款基准利率/贷款报价利率
China Loan Prime Rate. The People's Bank of China (PBOC) on August 17th, 2019, designated the Loan Prime Rate (LPR) the new lending benchmark for new bank loans to households and businesses, replacing the central bank's benchmark one-year lending rate.
- MLF:medium-term lending facility (MLF),中期借贷机构?中期便利借贷。
- 国内的老模式:双轨制利率。央行---(基准利率)-->商业银行---(加点)-->企业/个人。
用基准利率加点的方式。基准利率定价比新的 LPR 高,商业银行贷款给个人/中小企业加点比贷款给国企更多。 - 国内的新模式:LPR+市场化。LPR=MLF+加点。MLF 是央行制定,加点是 18 家大商业银行制定(去掉两个极值后取均值)。
- 国内的新老模式对比:MLF,中期便利借贷,老 MLF 不是老的基准利率。基准利率一般比 MLF 高。
- 我问:准备金比例下降会增加风险(因为现在有更多的钱,这些钱会贷款给信用评级更差的企业)?因此现行降低杠杆和降低准备金比例是互相矛盾的政策?我答:因为经济是复杂系统,降准也影响该系统的其他方面,例如信用评级高的企业会扩大投资。
- 我问:如果我是商业银行,我只会贷款给国企,因为信用评级更高。把贷款想成投资,应该只会投资最优秀的公司。老师回答:目前确实大部分贷款给国企,中小企业有政策支持也能借到贷款。
- 贴现/再贴现:贴现是商业银行的(票据)债券提前兑付的交易成本。因为提前兑付相当于违反了合约(例如合约是 1 年后赎回债券,如果 9 个月赎回,应该付出违约的成本),这个违约金就是贴现。
- 例子:12 月债券在第 9 月赎回,贴现率 10%,则贴现成本为:债券价值的 9/12*10%。
- 再贴现是商业银行购入的央行的票据/债券提前兑付的交易成本。
- 控制货币总量:债券和存款。
- 债券分为企业债券(风险高)和国债,政府债(风险低)。
- 存款活期存款,储蓄存款在国内是一样的。定期存款利息高。存款利息也会影响 M2-M1。
-
Monetary Aggregates: M0, M1, M2...
- 国内术语:货币分层/货币层次。国内分四级。
M0=流通中的现金; M1=M0+企业活期存款+机关、团体、部队存款+农村存款+个人持有的信用卡存款; M2=M1+城乡居民储蓄存款+企业存款中具有定期性质的存款+信托类存款+其他存款; M3=M2+金融债券+商业票据+大额可转让定期存单等。 在我国,M1 是通常所说的狭义货币供应量,M2 是广义货币供应量,M3 是为金融创新而增设的。
- 我问:支付宝存款算什么分层。信用卡贷款,京东白条,蚂蚁花呗等用到的信用也是一种资产,算什么分层?
- 我答:我现在理解支付宝可以当作一个网络银行,然后余额宝里的钱实际上是他发行的一种货币。在用户签约支付宝后(可以支付宝支付),签约的押金和合同的法律效力相当于提供了保证货币流通的强制力,所以和法币一样是 M0。
- 剪刀差,定义是(M1-M2)。剪刀差的增速(一般用离散方法)为正,带面预期好。可做数学变形
$(M1_{old}-M2_{old})-(M1_{new}-M2_{new})=(M1_{old}-M1_{new})-(M2_{old}-M2_{new})$剪刀差的增速实际上是 M1 增速-M2 增速。
- 我问:剪刀差为 0 时最好?
- 我问:此页中
Why does the comment in 2021-07-09 - 规模报酬
- 国内术语:货币分层/货币层次。国内分四级。